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Amy Euphemia Jacques Garvey (31 December 1895 - 25 July 1973) was the Jamaican-born second wife of Marcus Garvey, and a journalist and activist in her own right. She was one of the pioneering Black women journalists and publishers of the 20th century.

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Claudia Jones, nee Claudia Vera Cumberbatch (21 February 1915 - 24 December 1964), was a Trinidad and Tobago-born journalist and activist. As a child, she migrated with her family to the US, where she became a Communist political activist, feminist and black nationalist, adopting the name Jones as "self-protective disinformation". Due to the political persecution of Communists in the US, she was deported in 1955 and subsequently lived in the United Kingdom. She founded Britain's first major black newspaper, West Indian Gazette (WIG), in 1958.

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Mittie Maude Lena Gordon (née Nelson, August 2, 1889 – June 16, 1961) was an American black nationalist who established the Peace Movement of Ethiopia. The organization advocated for black emigration to West Africa in response to racial discrimination and white supremacy. Gordon was born Mittie Maude Lena Nelson in Webster Parish, Louisiana. Dismayed at the poor educational and job prospects in Louisiana, Gordon's family moved to Hope, Arkansas, when she was a child, where she grew up with her nine siblings. Her father, the son of former slaves and a minister in the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (CME), discovered that the schools were no better for black students in Arkansas and decided to homeschool his children himself. Through her father, she learned about the Pan-Africanist ideas of Bishop Henry McNeal Turner, who advocated that American former slaves should resettle in Africa, and American Blacks shared a common struggle with people of color from all over the world. Gordon continued to espouse both of these ideas through her life. In 1900, at 14 years old, Gordon married Robert Holt, a bricklayer who was 30 years her senior. The reason behind the arrangement of this marriage is unknown; however, there has been speculation that it was due to an economic need. Holt passed away in 1906, and to financially support her family, Gordon began to work as a dressmaker. Gordon relocated from the south to East St. Louis, Illinois, in the mid-1910s to seek better job opportunities. In 1917, she and her family were caught in the East St. Louis riots in which white mobs killed dozens of Black people. Her son, 10-year-old John Sullivan, was beaten during the riots and died several months later due to his injuries. This traumatic event formed one of the many racial violence cases that she witnessed during her life. Following her son's death, Gordon moved to Chicago, where she met her second husband, William Gordon, in 1920. It is not known how the couple met, but they both attended meetings at the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) near their home. At these meetings, Gordon expanded her knowledge of Marcus Garvey’s message about African self-reliance and nationhood. Gordon adopted an active role as a member of the UNIA and was promoted through the ranks quickly. After a couple of years, she was assigned the 'Lady President' position of the Chicago's local UNIA group. This position consisted of supervising the women's division, although with restricted authority. The lady president reported to the male president, who often amended the women's reports and had the final word when making decisions. Gordon's role in the organisation ended when she was a delegate to the 1929 UNIA convention in Jamaica—two years after Garvey was deported—where she experienced male opposition towards her authority. In 1927, she opened a small restaurant on State Street in Chicago's predominantly black South Side with her husband, which sold a few delicatessen and take-away products. By 1932, it had developed into a full restaurant, but economic pressures from the Depression forced it to close in 1934. Gordon created a group that used her restaurant as a base for political and ideological discussion, this group eventually formed into the Peace Movement of Ethiopia, which she founded in December 1932 in Chicago. She led the organisation through her active involvement in planning and facilitating the meetings. The movement advocated for repatriating African Americans to Liberia because it would be cheaper to establish African Americans in West Africa than to provide them welfare in America. Her Peace Movement sent a petition with over 400,000 signatures to President Roosevelt in 1933. The petition was diverted to the State Department, and from there it was diverted to the Division of Western European Affairs, where it stagnated. Due to her affiliation with Japanese politicians and Japanese members of the Pacific Movement of the Eastern World, as well as the Black Dragon Society in the early 1940s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation put her under surveillance. In October 1942, she was arrested for sedition and seditious conspiracy after making statements praising Japan, which an enemy nation of the United States during World War II. In 1943, Gordon was found guilty and sentenced to two years in prison. The FBI also arrested her husband and two other Peace Movement of Ethiopia authorities, who were all charged with the crimes of conspiracy and sedition. Gordon was keen to pass the Greater Liberia Bill to "advance black emigration to Liberia." This bill proposed buying land in Africa from England and France  and situating African Americans there who would be emigrating from the United States. These immigrants would also be given land grants and financial help to encourage them to move to Liberia. To achieve her goal, Gordon had to forge relationships with white supremacists in positions of power. Earnest Sevier Cox was one of these figures and, despite being on the opposite side of the political spectrum, he supported Gordon's goal and the bill in general. Their motivations were vastly different: Cox wanted the deportation of African Americans from the US because he saw them as inferior, whereas Gordon wanted improved social conditions for her fellow Black people. Cox's interest in the bill led to Gordon contacting him by letter and persuading him to help support her cause. In the end, Cox was unable to get the bill passed. Still, he did manage to get the Virginia General Assembly to pass a resolution that urged US Congress to give federal assistance to African Americans who wanted to migrate. Upon realizing that Cox alone would not be able to help her achieve her goal, Gordon turned to another white supremacist who was in an even higher position of authority: US senator Theodore G. Bilbo who, like Cox, wanted African Americans to be deported or be racially segregated in America. Bilbo had been a proponent of the idea of deportation before the Greater Liberia bill's existence and was, therefore, the perfect 'ally' for Gordon. She even referred to Bilbo as 'Moses' who led her and her organisation, the Peace Movement of Ethiopia, through the senate. However, she only did this to encourage him to pass the legislation that she so desperately wanted. When it became apparent in the senate that the Greater Liberia bill was unpopular and was criticised for its logistical problems, Gordon and Bilbo's relationship deteriorated quickly. Following the failure of the Greater Liberia bill, Gordon went on a tirade in the media, lambasting Bilbo and white America in general. She criticised the nation for its racial injustices and highlighted that white people would one day pay for their forefather's sins in the form of an African American President. Gordon died of heart failure on June 16, 1961, at 71 years old. However, her death certificate stated that she was ten years younger than her actual age when she died, because her third husband, Moses Gibson, was unable to provide a few key details about her life. Another reason was that in the city of her birth, she was registered as unknown. Gordon's nephew (the son of her older brother Clarence Allen Nelson) was the musician John Lewis Nelson. Her grandnephew, John Lewis Nelson's son, was the musician Prince.

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Arthur Koestler (5 September 1905, Budapest - 3 March 1983, London) was an author of essays, novels and autobiographies. Koestler was born in Budapest but, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. His early career was in journalism. In 1931 Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany but, disillusioned by Stalinist atrocities, he resigned from it in 1938 and in 1940 published a devastating anti-totalitarian novel, DARKNESS AT NOON, which propelled him to international fame. Over the next 43 years, Koestler espoused many political causes and wrote novels, biographies, and numerous essays. In 1968, he was awarded the prestigious Sonning Prize ‘for outstanding contribution to European culture' and, in 1972, he was made a Commander of the British Empire (CBE). In 1976, Koestler was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and, three years later, with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in its terminal stages. He committed suicide along with his wife in 1983 in London.

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David Emile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology. Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity; an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being. His first major sociological work was The Division of Labor in Society (1893). In 1895, he published his Rules of the Sociological Method and set up the first European department of sociology, becoming France's first professor of sociology. In 1898, he established the journal L'Annee Sociologique. Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a study of suicide rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, pioneered modern social research and served to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912), presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies. Durkheim was also deeply preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. He refined the positivism originally set forth by Auguste Comte, promoting what could be considered as a form of epistemological realism, as well as the use of the hypothetico-deductive model in social science. For him, sociology was the science of institutions if this term is understood in its broader meaning as ‘beliefs and modes of behaviour instituted by the collectivity' and its aim being to discover structural social facts. Durkheim was a major proponent of structural functionalism, a foundational perspective in both sociology and anthropology. In his view, social science should be purely holistic;] that is, sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. He remained a dominant force in French intellectual life until his death in 1917, presenting numerous lectures and published works on a variety of topics, including the sociology of knowledge, morality, social stratification, religion, law, education, and deviance. Durkheimian terms such as ‘collective consciousness‘ have since entered the popular lexicon.

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Karl Emil Maximilian 'Max' Weber (21 April 1864 - 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory, social research, and the entire discipline of sociology. Weber is often cited, with Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three founders of sociology. Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) means, based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions. Weber's main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and 'disenchantment' that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity, and which he saw as the result of a new way of thinking about the world. Weber is best known for his thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion, elaborated in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, in which he proposed that ascetic Protestantism was one of the major 'elective affinities' associated with the rise in the Western world of market-driven capitalism and the rational-legal nation-state. Against Marx's 'historical materialism', Weber emphasised the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of capitalism. The Protestant Ethic formed the earliest part in Weber's broader investigations into world religion: he would go on to examine the religions of China, the religions of India and ancient Judaism, with particular regard to the apparent non-development of capitalism in the corresponding societies, as well as to their differing forms of social stratification. In another major work, Politics as a Vocation, Weber defined the state as an entity that successfully claims a 'monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory'. He was also the first to categorise social authority into distinct forms, which he labelled as charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal. His analysis of bureaucracy emphasised that modern state institutions are increasingly based on rational-legal authority. Weber also made a variety of other contributions in economic history, as well as economic theory and methodology. Weber's analysis of modernity and rationalisation significantly influenced the critical theory associated with the Frankfurt School. After the First World War, Max Weber was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party. He also ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and served as advisor to the committee that drafted the ill-fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919. After contracting the Spanish flu, he died of pneumonia in 1920, aged 56.

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 Karl Paul Polanyi (born October 25, 1886, Vienna, Austro-Hungarian Empire - April 23, 1964, Pickering, Ontario) was a Hungarian-American economic historian, economic anthropologist, political economist, historical sociologist and social philosopher. He is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought and for his book, The Great Transformation. Polanyi is remembered today as the originator of substantivism, a cultural approach to economics, which emphasized the way economies are embedded in society and culture. This view ran counter to mainstream economics but was popular in anthropology, economic history, economic sociology and political science. Polanyi's approach to the ancient economies has been applied to a variety of cases, such as Pre-Columbian America and ancient Mesopotamia, although its utility to the study of ancient societies in general has been questioned. Polanyi's The Great Transformation became a model for historical sociology. His theories eventually became the foundation for the economic democracy movement. His daughter Kari Polanyi Levitt is Emerita Professor of Economics at McGill University, Montreal.

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 Michael Ryan Davis (March 10, 1946 – October 25, 2022) was an American writer, political activist, urban theorist, and historian based in Southern California. He is best known for his investigations of power and social class in works such as City of Quartz and Late Victorian Holocausts. His last two non-fiction books are Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties, co-authored by Jon Wiener, and The Monster Enters: COVID-19, Avian Flu, and the Plagues of Capitalism (Feb 2022).

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Michel Beaud is professor of economic science at the University of Paris VIII at Vincennes. He is the author of several books, including, most recently, Le Socialisme a' l'Epreuve de l‘histoire (Socialism Tested by History) and Le mirage de la croissance: la politique Economique de la gauche (The Mirage of Growth. The Political Economy of the Left).

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Shoshana Zuboff is an author and scholar. She is the author of the books In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power and The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism, co-authored with James Maxmin. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, integrates her lifelong themes: the digital revolution, the evolution of capitalism, the historical emergence of psychological individuality, and the conditions for human development. Zuboff's work is the source of many original concepts including 'surveillance capitalism', 'instrumentarian power', 'the division of learning in society', 'economies of action', 'the means of behavior modification', 'information civilization', 'computer-mediated work', the 'automate/informate' dialectic, 'abstraction of work' and 'individualization of consumption'. She received her Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University and her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Chicago. Zuboff joined the Harvard Business School in 1981 where she became the Charles Edward Wilson Professor of Business Administration and one of the first tenured women on the Harvard Business School faculty. In 2014 and 2015 she was a Faculty Associate at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at the Harvard Law School. Shoshana Zuboff is an author and scholar. She is the author of the books In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power and The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism, co-authored with James Maxmin. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, integrates her lifelong themes: the digital revolution, the evolution of capitalism, the historical emergence of psychological individuality, and the conditions for human development. Zuboff's work is the source of many original concepts including 'surveillance capitalism', 'instrumentarian power', 'the division of learning in society', 'economies of action', 'the means of behavior modification', 'information civilization', 'computer-mediated work', the 'automate/informate' dialectic, 'abstraction of work' and 'individualization of consumption'. She received her Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University and her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Chicago. Zuboff joined the Harvard Business School in 1981 where she became the Charles Edward Wilson Professor of Business Administration and one of the first tenured women on the Harvard Business School faculty. In 2014 and 2015 she was a Faculty Associate at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at the Harvard Law School. Zuboff's new work explores a novel market form and a specific logic of capitalist accumulation that she named "surveillance capitalism". She first presented her concept in a 2014 essay, "A Digital Declaration", published in German and English in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Her followup 2015 scholarly article in the Journal of Information Technology titled "Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization" received the International Conference on Information Systems Scholars' 2016 Best Paper Award. Surveillance capitalism and its consequences for twenty-first century society are most fully theorized in her book, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Zuboff's scholarship on surveillance capitalism as a "rogue mutation of capitalism" has become a primary framework for understanding big data and the larger field of commercial surveillance that she describes as a "surveillance-based economic order". She argues that neither privacy nor antitrust laws provide adequate protection from the unprecedented practices of surveillance capitalism. Zuboff describes surveillance capitalism as an economic and social logic. Her book originates the concept of 'instrumentarian power', in contrast to totalitarian power. Instrumentarian power is a consequence of surveillance capitalist operations that threaten individual autonomy and democracy. Many issues that plague contemporary society including the assault on privacy and the so-called 'privacy paradox', behavioral targeting, fake news, ubiquitous tracking, legislative and regulatory failure, algorithmic governance, social media addiction, abrogation of human rights, democratic destabilization, and more are reinterpreted and explained through the lens of surveillance capitalism's economic and social imperatives. In the Age of the Smart Machine Zuboff's 1988 book, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power, is a study of information technology in the workplace. Major concepts introduced in this book relate to knowledge, authority, and power in the information workplace. These include the duality of information technology as an informating and an automating technology; the abstraction of work associated with information technology and its related intellectual skill demands; computer-mediated work; the "information panopticon"; information technology as a challenge to managerial authority and command/control; the social construction of technology; the shift from a division of labor to a division of learning; and the inherently collaborative patterns of information work, among others. The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism, co-authored with James Maxmin, was the product of multi-disciplinary research integrating history, sociology, management and economics. It argued that the new structure of demand associated with the 'individuation of consumption' had produced widespread institutional failures in every domain, including a growing divide between the individuals and the commercial organizations upon which they depend. Written before the introduction of the iPod or the widespread penetration of the Internet, Zuboff and Maxmin argued that wealth creation in an individualized society would require leveraging new digital capabilities to enable a 'distributed capitalism'. This entails a shift away from a primary focus on economies of scale, asset intensification, concentration, central control, and anonymous transactions in 'organization-space' towards support-oriented relationships in 'individual-space' with products and services configured and distributed to meet individualized wants and needs. In 1993, Zuboff founded the executive education program “Odyssey: School for the Second Half of Life” at the Harvard Business School. The program addressed the issues of transformation and career renewal at midlife. During twelve years of her teaching and leadership, Odyssey became known as the premier program of its kind in the world. In addition to her academic work, Zuboff brought her ideas to many commercial and public/private ventures through her public speaking as well as her direct involvement in key projects, particularly in social housing, health care, education, and elder care. She also became a business columnist, developing and disseminating new concepts from The Support Economy. From 2003 to 2005, Zuboff shared her ideas in her widely read monthly column “Evolving”, in the magazine Fast Company. From 2007 through 2009 she was a featured columnist for Business Week. From 2013 to 2016, Zuboff was a frequent contributor to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, where essays drawn from her emerging work on surveillance capitalism were published in German and English. In 2019 Zuboff further developed her critique of the social, political and economic impacts of digital technologies in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism.

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Petra Molnar is a lawyer and anthropologist specializing in migration and human rights. She co-runs the Refugee Law Lab at York University and is a faculty associate at Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society. Petra has crossed many borders and worked all over the world including Jordan, Turkey, the Philippines, Kenya, Colombia, Canada, and various parts of Europe. Petra’s work has appeared in the New York Times, Al Jazeera, Wired, The Guardian, and many other outlets. The author of The Walls Have Eyes: Surviving Migration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, she splits her time between Toronto, New York, and Athens.

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Nawal El Saadawi (born October 27, 1931) is an Egyptian feminist writer, activist, physician and psychiatrist. She has written many books on the subject of women in Islam, paying particular attention to the practice of female genital mutilation in her society. She is founder and president of the Arab Women's Solidarity Association and co-founder of the Arab Association for Human Rights. She has been awarded honorary degrees on three continents. In 2004, she won the North-South prize from the Council of Europe. In 2005, the Inana International Prize in Belgium. Nawal el Saadawi has held positions of Author for the Supreme Council for Arts and Social Sciences, Cairo; Director General of the Health Education Department, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Secretary General of Medical Association, Cairo, Egypt, and Medical Doctor, University Hospital and Ministry of Health. She is the founder of Health Education Association and the Egyptian Women Writer's Association; she was Chief Editor of Health Magazine in Cairo, Egypt and Editor of Medical Association Magazine.

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Fatema Mernissi (27 September 1940 - 30 November 2015) was a Moroccan feminist writer and sociologist. Fatema Mernissi was born in Fez, Morocco. She grew up in the harem of her affluent paternal grandmother along with various female kin and servants. She received her primary education in a school established by the nationalist movement, and secondary level education in an all-girls school funded by the French protectorate. In 1957, she studied political science at the Sorbonne and at Brandeis University, gaining her doctorate there. She returned to work at the Mohammed V University and taught at the FacultE des Lettres between 1974 and 1981 on subjects such as methodology, family sociology and psychosociology. She became known internationally mainly as an Islamic feminist. Mernissi was a lecturer at the Mohammed V University of Rabat and a research scholar at the University Institute for Scientific Research, in the same city. She died in Rabat on 30 November 2015. As an Islamic feminist, Mernissi was largely concerned with Islam and women's roles in it, analyzing the historical development of Islamic thought and its modern manifestation. Through a detailed investigation of the nature of the succession to Muhammad, she cast doubt on the validity of some of the hadith (sayings and traditions attributed to him), and therefore the subordination of women that she sees in Islam, but not necessarily in the Qur'an. She wrote extensively about life within harems, gender, and public and private spheres. As a sociologist, Mernissi mainly did field work in Morocco. On several occasions in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she conducted interviews in order to map prevailing attitudes to women and work. She did sociological research for UNESCO and ILO as well as for the Moroccan authorities. In the same period, Mernissi contributed articles to periodicals and other publications on women in Morocco and women and Islam from a contemporary as well as from a historical perspective. Her work has been cited as an inspiration by other Muslim feminists, such as those who founded Musawah. In 2003, Mernissi was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award along with Susan Sontag. In 2004 she was awarded the Erasmus Prize, alongside Sadik Al-Asm and Abdolkarim Soroush. Mernissi's first monograph, Beyond the Veil, was published in 1975. A revised edition was published in Britain in 1985 and in the US in 1987. Beyond the Veil has become a classic, especially in the fields of anthropology and sociology on women in the Arab World, the Mediterranean area or Muslim societies in general. Her most famous book, as an Islamic feminist, The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam, is a quasi-historical study of role of the wives of Muhammad. It was first published in French in 1987, and translated into English in 1991. The book was banned in Morocco, Iran, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. For Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women (1991), she interviewed peasant women, women labourers, clairvoyants and maidservants. In 1994, Mernissi published a memoir, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (in the US, the book was originally titled The Harem Within: Tales of a Moroccan Girlhood, and is still known by that title in the UK). She contributed the piece "The merchant's daughter and the son of the sultan" to the anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology (1984), edited by Robin Morgan.

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Andree Chedid is a poet, essayist, dramatist and novelist of Egypto-Lebanese origin. Born and educated in Cairo, where she received a degree in literature from the American University she moved to Paris in 1946, and became a naturalized French citizen. She is the recipient of many literary awards, including the Prix Louise Labbe (poetry), 1969: Aigie d'or de la poesie, 1972; Grand prix de l'Academie Belge, 1974; Prix de l'afrique Mediteaneene, 1974; Prix Mallarme (poetry), 1976: and Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle, 1979.

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Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 11th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990, and again from 1993 to 1996. She was also the first woman elected to head a democratic government in a Muslim-majority country. Ideologically a liberal and a secularist, she chaired or co-chaired the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until her assassination in 2007. Of mixed Sindhi, Persian, and Kurdish parentage, Bhutto was born in Karachi to a politically important, wealthy aristocratic family. She studied at Harvard University and the University of Oxford, where she was President of the Oxford Union. Her father, the PPP leader Zulfikar Bhutto, was elected prime minister on a socialist platform in 1973. She returned to Pakistan in 1977, shortly before her father was ousted in a military coup and executed. Bhutto and her mother, Nusrat Bhutto, took control of the PPP and led the country's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). Bhutto was repeatedly imprisoned by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's military government and self-exiled to Great Britain in 1984. She returned in 1986 and—influenced by Thatcherite economics—transformed the PPP's platform from a socialist to a liberal one, before leading it to victory in the 1988 election. As prime minister, her attempts at reform were stifled by conservative and Islamist forces within Pakistan, including President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Pakistani military. Her administration, having been accused of corruption and nepotism, was dismissed by Khan in 1990. Intelligence services rigged that year's election to ensure a victory for the conservative Islamic Democratic Alliance (IJI), at which point Bhutto became the Leader of the Opposition. After the IJI government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was also dismissed on corruption charges, Bhutto once again led the PPP to victory in the 1993 elections. In her second term, she oversaw economic privatisation and attempts to advance women's rights. Her government was beset with instability, including the assassination of her brother Murtaza, a failed 1995 coup d'état, and a bribery scandal involving her and her husband Asif Ali Zardari; in response, President Farooq Leghari dismissed her government. The PPP lost the 1997 election, and in 1998 she went into self-exile once more, living between Dubai and London for the next decade. A widening corruption inquiry culminated in a 2003 conviction in a Swiss court. Following the United States–brokered negotiations with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, she returned to Pakistan in 2007 to run in the 2008 elections. Her platform emphasised civilian oversight of the military and opposition to growing Islamist violence. After a political rally in Rawalpindi, she was assassinated in December 2007. The Salafi jihadist militant group al-Qaeda claimed responsibility, although involvement of the Pakistani Taliban and rogue elements of the intelligence services were also hypothesised. She was buried at her family mausoleum in Garhi Khuda Bakhsh. Opinions on Bhutto were deeply divided. Pakistan's Islamist groups and conservative forces often accused her of being politically inexperienced, corrupt, and opposed her secularist, modernising agenda. In the early years of her career, however, she was nevertheless domestically popular and also attracted support from the international community, being seen as a champion of democracy. Posthumously, she came to be regarded as an icon for women's rights due to her political success in a male-dominated society.

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Leslie Marmon Silko (born Leslie Marmon; born March 5, 1948) is a Native American writer of the Laguna Pueblo tribe, and one of the key figures in the First Wave of what literary critic Kenneth Lincoln has called the Native American Renaissance. Silko was a debut recipient of the MacArthur Foundation Grant, now known as the 'Genius Grant', in 1981 and the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. She currently resides in Tucson, Arizona.

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